F. Citations & References

You must cite all information that you use from published or unpublished sources in the body of your paper and then give the complete name of the author(s) and source in the References section at the end of the paper. Use the parenthetical author-date system preferred by most scientific journals. For example, within a sentence or at the end of a block of text, give the last name of the author(s) and the date the work was published, both enclosed by parentheses. Example: Global warming is a looming threat to biodiversity (Peters and Lovejoy 1992).

If you wish to cite more than one source, list them in chronological order: e.g. (Jones 1992; Smith & Jacobs 1993; Torrez 1995). If a work has more than two authors, you may list the first followed by et al. (latin for “and others”) and the date: (Jones et al. 1995). However, the names of all of the authors must be included in the list of references at the end of the paper.

The format for unpublished information or data communicated to you by a colleague is the source followed by "personal communication" or "unpublished data": e.g. (Maria Rodriguez, personal communication 2002; Biocore 302 class, unpublished data). Use these sparingly as they cannot be verified. Personal/unpublished communications do not go in the list of references at the end of the paper.

List all works cited in the text - and no others - alphabetically in the References section at the end of your paper. The specific format used for references varies depending on each journal's conventions, web-site format and the type of source to which you are referring. We would like you to use the format demonstrated below. Each reference should include the names of all the authors, the date the article or book was published and/or the date the website was accessed and its title.

Here are some examples to follow:

Journal

Include the author(s), title of the article (with only the first word capitalized), name and volume of the journal (italicize the name), and pages for the article.

Vitousek, P.M. 1994. Beyond global warming: ecology and global change. Ecology 75: 1861-1876.

Post, W.M., Emanuel, W.R., Zinke, P.J., and Stangenberger, A.G. 1982. Soil carbon pools and world

life zones. Nature 298: 156-159.

Internet Sources

Include the author(s), title of the work (in quotation marks), title of the complete work or site, if applicable (in italics), website URL or address (except for personal email), and date of visit or message. (The method for citing online sources has not yet been standardized.)

email:

Carbon, J.J. "Physiology data." Personal email (7 July 01).

listserv or newslist

Blystone, R.V. "Setting up a digital classroom and other stuff."

biolab@hubcap.clemson.edu (accessed May 10, 1996).

World Wide Web: Basic form is: Author. Date. Title. URL (Access date)

Waterman, M., Stanley, E., Soderberg, P., and Jungck, J.R. 10 August 1999

"Kingdoms entangled: molecules, malaria, and maise." BioQUEST

Curriculum Consortium.http://bioquest.org/case.html (April 12, 2000)

Macreal, Holly. 10 April 2001 "Large Fish, Small Pond." http://www.bigfish.org/articles

(April 20, 2001)

Splice, Gene. 21 July 2000 "Mutations are the Ultimate form of Variation" University

Press Weekly vol 22. Electric Library. http://www.elibrary.com/ (17 Oct.1997).

*Note: Do not write out a website address (URL) as a parenthetic citation within the text. Whenever possible, list the author. If you can’t find an author, list the organization that provided the information. If you can’t find the name of the organization, question the quality of your source.

Biocore Lab Manual

Simon, P. and Batzli, J. 2003. Cytogenetics. In Batzli, J. M., editor. Biocore 302

Evolution, Ecology, and Genetics Laboratory Manual, Fall 2003 University of Wisconsin-Madison.

NOTE: This is an example for the Cytogenetics chapter of the Biocore 302 lab manual. Each chapter or unit has associated authors listed on the last page of the chapter.

Book

Include the author(s), title (italicized, with only the first word capitalized), edition number (if it is not the first edition), the publisher, the city of publication, and the state (omit the state for well known cities like New York).

Kuhn, T.S. 1962. The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press,

Chicago.

Purves, W.K., Sadava, D., Orians, G.H., and Heller, H.C. 2001. Life, the science of

biology, 6th ed. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.

Chapter in a Book

Naes, A. 1986. Intrinsic value: will the defenders of nature please rise? In Soulé, M.E.,

editor. Conservation biology: the science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer

Associates, Sunderland, MA. pp. 504-515.

How will citations be evaluated? The following is part of the rubric we will be using to evaluate your papers.